The Future of Warfare

By Bevin Alexander

Index

Abrams M1A1 tank, 68 n.7

Abrams M1A2 tank, 76, 78 n.18

advanced field artillery system

(AFAS), 77 n.18

Afghanistan, 72-74, 212

Africa, 29

  • see also specific countries

Afrikaans, 87, 116

aggression, nationalistic, 59

AGS (armored gun system), 77 n.18

AH-64D Apache attack helicopter, 78 n.18

aircraft, early-warning, 56

aircraft carriers, 17 n.2, 54-58

air strikes, selective, 215

Alexander the Great, 69, 121

Algeria, 212

Allenby, Edmund, 124, 127

ambushes

  • in Indochina, 569—570
  • in Korean War, 151-152

America First theories, 21, 21 n.5

An Khe (Vietnam), 192

Apache attack helicopter, 67, 78 n.18

Ap Bac (Vietnam), 180-181

Aqaba, 124

Argentina, 55-56

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 31 n.15

Armenia, 111, n.122

armor, 66-68

armored gun system (AGS), 77 n.i8

army tactical missile system

(ATACMS), 78 n.18

Army War College, 49

artillery, 65

Aspin, Les, 52

ATACMS (army tactical missile sys­tem), 78 n.18

attrition warfare, 183, 192, 203

autarky,. 27

Awacs, 81-82 n.22

Bao Dai, 176

BAT (brilliant anti-armor submuni­tions), 78 n.18

Battle of the Bulge, 131

battles, convergent assault, 68-69, 71 n.10

Bedouins, 119, 120-128

Beyers, Christiaan F., 106

BFV (Bradley fighting vehicle), 78 n.18

Bienhoa air base, 182

Bismarck, Otto von, 207

Black Hawk MH-60K helicopter, 78 n.18

Blake, John Y. F., 113

Bloemfontein, 95, 97, 99

body counts, 583, 192

Boer War, 86-116

  • achievement of Boers’ goals in, 87
  • background to, 87-88
  • concentration camps in 97-98, 109-110
  • disorganization of Bocr army in, 90-92
  • end of “conventional war,” 101-102
  • guerrilla tactics in, 99-101, 104-106, 108-109
  • initial Boer strategy in, 88-90, 92-94
  • initial British strategy in, 92-95
  • Kitchener’s strategy in , 110-112
  • Mauser rifle, role of, 90
  • peace negotiations, 115-116
  • public resistance to British role in, 97-98, 109-110
  • regional forces in, 165 n.3
  • scorched earth policy of British in, 97, 102-103, 107-108
  • stalemate in, 114-115
  • survival tactics of Boers in, 113-114
  • weaknesses of British in, 96-97

Bosnia, 32 n.16, 111 n.12, 206, 208

Botha, Louis, 102

bows, 66

Bradley fighting vehicle (BFV), 78 n.18

brilliant anti-armor submunitions

(BAT), 78 n.18

Brinks Hotel, 182

Britain, 55-60

  • and Arabian Turks, 118-120, 123-124, 127-128
  • as colonial power, 25
  • naval power of, 17, 54-55
  • see also Boer War

Brown, Thomas W. (Tim), 197—198, 201

Buchanan, Patrick, 21 n.5

Buddhists, in Vietnam, 177

Bullets, Redvers, 94-95

bunker defenses, 159

Burger, Schalk, 102

Bush, George, 22

Cagle, Vice Admiral M.W., 58

Cambodia, 45, 177, 186, 187

camels, 126

Camp Holloway, 182

Cape Colony, 87, 88

capitalism, 10

carriers, 17 n.2, 54-58

Catecka, 197

Cedras, Raoul, 31 n.15

CH-47 Chinook helicopter, 195

Chapman, Stephen, 209

chemical-energy missiles, 68

Cheney, Dick, 52

Chiang Kai-shek, 132, 135-138, 140-142, 149

Chiapas, 30

China, 215

  • and Cold War, 205
  • at Geneva Conference, 176, 177
  • and Korean and Vietnam Wars, 16 n.1
  • and Korean reunification, 37
  • Korean War strategy of, 16 n.1, , 39, 148-159
  • most-favored nation status for, 210 n.2
  • strategic interests of, 35—37
  • and Vietnam, 16 n.1, 41
  • see also Mao Zedong

Chinese civil war, 150

Chinese Communist Party, 138

Chinook CH-47 helicopter, 195

Chinook MH- 47E helicopter, 78 n.18

Chongchon River, 152, 153

chromium 6i

Chu Pong massif, 192-193, 198-200, 202

Civil War (U.S.), 18 n.3, 43, 94, 110

Clausewitz, Karl von, 42 , 43

Clemenceau, Georges, 42

Clinton, Bill, 210 n.2

Clinton administration, 32 n.16, 33

CNN, 31

cobalt, 61

Cold War, 11, 22, 24, 205-206

Colenso (South Africa), 94

Comanche RAH-66 helicopter, 77 n.18

communism, repudiation of, 10

compound bow, 66

concentration camps, in Boer War, 97—98, 109-110

Congress of Berlin, 207

convergent assault battles, 68-69, 71 n.10

Coroalles, Anthony M., 68, 70, 72-73

counterrnsurgent warfare, 161

Cronje, Piet, 94, 95, 102

crossbow, 66

cruise missiles, 56-57

Cuba, 30

Cuban missile crisis, 18 n.3

danger points, 38

Deal, Dennis J., 199

Defense Department, 52

defensive wars, 63, 218

defensive weapons, offensive vs., 65— 68

De La Rey, J . H. “Koos,” 93-95, 102, 104-106, 112-113

Devney, Alan E., 199

De Wet, Christiaan, 99-106

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 176-178

Diem, Nhu, 177

Dien Bien Phu, 163, 173-175

dispersion, as defense against missiles, 80-81

Dominican Republic, 30, 219 n.4

Drucker, Peter F., 25 n.8

Dubik, James M., 25-26 n.9

Duc Co (Viemam), 193

Dupuy, William, 192

E-2C Hawkeye aircraft carrier, 82 n.22

E-3 Awacs, 81-82 n.22

E-8 aircraft, 81

Early-warning aircraft, 56

economic factors in conflicts, 59-60

Edwards, Robert H., 109

Eisenhower (aircraft carrier), 55

electromagnetic pulses, 49

English longbow, 66

Eurasia, and U.S. strategic policy, 16-29

European Union, 60, 61

F-14 aircraft, 57

F-15C aircraft, 63

F/A-18 aircraft, 57

Falklands War, 55-56, 72

“falling-domino theory,” 16 n.1, 44, 161, 177, 216

Federal Aviation Administration, 79, 82

Feisal, Prince, 118—119, 123-124

firepower, U.S. reliance on, 63-64, 158

fixing forces, 69-70

France, and war in Indochina, 162-175, 212

free trade, 24—27

French Revolution, 19

Garrison, William, 48

General Agreement on Tanffs and

Trade (GATT), 26 n.10

General Electric, 81

Geneva Conference, 175-177, 216

Germany

  • battle strategy of, in World War II, 71
  • U.S. Army divisions in, 75 n.15
  • Giap, Vo Nguyen, 141, 178, 183
  • attack, rules for, 168-169
  • baiting of Americans by, 188-189
  • and Dien Bien Phu, 172-175
  • on guerrilla phase of conflict, 166-167
  • indirect war theory of, 163—164.
  • types of forces formed by, 165 n.3

global positioning system (GPS), 79- 80

Great Depression, 19, 207-208

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity

Sphere, 27, 38

Grenada, 30

Grenfell, H. M., 112

Guam, 208 n.1

Guderian, Heinz, 71

guerrilla tactics and warfare

  • in Boer War, 99-101, 104-106, 108, 109
  • defensive character of, 46-47
  • in French Indochina, 161-172
  • in future conflicts, 218
  • in Korean War, 150-152, 159
  • Lawrence of Arabia’s utilization of, 117-128
  • Mao Zedong’s strategy of, 129-131, 141-147
  • as potential trap for United States, 47-49
  • stalemate created by, 184 .
  • in Vietnam, 39-40, 180-182

Guerrilla Warfare (Mao Zcdong), 138-140

Guilmartin, John F., Jr., 49-50

Gulf War, see Persian Gulf War

Gustavus Adolphus, 69

Haiti, 30, 31 n.15, 219 n.4

Hamilton, Ian, 104

Hannibal, 122

Hawaii, 208 n.1

Hawkeye E-2C aircraft carrier, 82 n.22

heavy forces, 73 n.13

heavy weapons, 65-66

Hejaz Railway, 119, 120, 120, 124-125, 127

helicopters, 67

  • in future conflicts, 217-218
  • as maneuver force, 70-74
  • in Vietnam War, 195-196

Hellfire missile, 67

Herren, John D., 198, 199

Herrick, Henry T., 199-201

Hertzog, James Barry, 102, 106

He Yingqin, 136

Hitler, Adolf, 19-22, 43, 111 n.12, 211

Hobhouse, Emily, 109

Ho Chi Minh, 99, 141, 162, 176, 183

Ho Clii Minh Trail, 72, 177, 187, 193

Horchkiss automatic machine gun, 126

Huey-D UH-1 lift helicopters, 195

Hunter, Archibald, 103

Hussein, Saddam, see Saddam Hussein

Hussein (sharif of Mecca), 118

Hydaspes River, battle at, 69

Inchon, 148, 213

Independence (aircraft carrier), 55

Indochina, 161-175, 212

  • application of Maoist guerrilla strat­egy in, 161-162, 166-167
  • Dien Bien Phu, French defeat at, 163, 173-175
  • Vietminh strategy in, 162-172
  • see also Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam War

interventions, 209-210, 213-216, 218-219

Iran, 19, , 38

Iraq, 19, 22, 28, 40

isolationism, 207-208

Israel, 72

Jackson, Stonewall, 74

Japan, 16 n.1, 148

  • and China, 37-38, 138-141
  • protectionist efforts by, 26 n.10, 27
  • and Russia, 36
  • U.S. policy in, after World War II, 43

Javelin antitank missile, 51, 77 n.18

Jaxartes River, 121

Jiang Zemin, 36, 38S

Jinggang shan, 132

Johnson, Lyndon B., 32, 178, 181, 180, 189, 204

Johnson, U. Alexis, 186

joint surveillance target attack radar system (JSTARS), 81-82

joint task forces (JTF), 75-76

Joubert, P. J. “Piet,” 102

JSTARS (joint surveillance target at­tack radar system), 81-82

JTF (joint task forces), 75-76

Kennedy, John F., 179-180

Khe Sanh, 204

Khrushchev, Nikita, 18 n.3

Kimberley (South Africa), 89, 94.

kinetic-energy weapon, 67

Kinnard, Harry W.O., 195, 197

Kiowa Warrior 0H-58D armed scout helicopter, 77 n.18

Kipling, Rudyard, 40

Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 40, 94, 103-110, 112, 115-116

KMT, see Kuomintang

kops (kopjes), 92-93

Korea, see North Korea; South Korea

Korean War, 16 n.1, , 37, 215-216

  • Chinese strategy in, 39, 148-159
  • guerrilla tactics in, 48-49
  • as limited conflict, 38-39
  • role of U.S. firepower in, 64
  • T~ tanks in, 48-49, 51

Kritzinger, Pieter Henrick, 102, 106

Kruger, Paul, 102

Kuomintang (KMT), 132-133, 135-143, 150

Kuwait, 22

Ladysmith (South Africa), 89

Laos, 45, 72, 177, 186, 187

Latin America, U.S. strategic policy in, 30-31

Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Ara­bia), 117-127, 212

  • background of, 118
  • and Feisal, 118-119
  • Mao Zedong’s strategy compared
  • with, 129-130
  • strategy of, 119-127

Lebanon, Israeli invasion of, 72

LeFebvre, Louis R., 200

Lewis automatic machine gun, 126

LICs, see low-intensity conflicts

limited conflicts, 38-39

Line-of-sight antitank (LOSAT) weapon, 67 n.4, 78 n.18

littorals, 54

Lloyd George, David, 109

Longbow Apache, 78 n.18

Long March, 138

LOSAT (line-of-sight antitank) weapon, 67 n.4, 78 n.18

low-intensity conflicts (LICs), 45-48

  • and changes in U.S. military strat­egy, 63—64
  • in Vietnam war, 179—180

Lycoming, 81

M1A1 Abrams tank, 68 n.7

MIA2 Abrams tank, 76, 78 n.18

M109A6 Paladin 155mm self-propelled howitzer, 77-78, n.18

MacArthur, Douglas, 42-43, 148,154, 213

McGarr, Lionel C., 182-183

machine gun, 90 n.2

Mafeking (South Africa), 89, 101

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 54

Malaya, 86-87

Man, Chu Hoy, 192-194, 198-199

Manchuria, 142

maneuver forces, 70

  • helicopters as, 70-74
  • revised strategy based on, 74-76

manganese, 61

manifest destiny, 42

Mao Zedong, 129-147. 167 n.4, 212, 218, 219

  • creation of Red Army by, 532-135
  • French Indochina, application of strategy in, 161-162, 166-167
  • guerrilla strategy of, 129-131, 141-147
  • and Japanese invaders, 138-140
  • Korean War strategy of, 149, 155, 159
  • and Kuomintang, 135—138, 150
  • Lawrence of Arabia’s strategy com­pared with, 129-130
  • Vietnam War, application of strategy, 160

Mauser rifle, 90

Maxim, Hiram, 90 n.2

May Lai, 191

Medina, 119, 120, 124-125

Methuen, Lord, 112-113

Mexico, 18 n.3, 30

MH-4-7E Chinook helicopter, 78 n.18

MH-60K Black Hawk helicopter, 78 n.18

mid-intensity war, 179, 180

Miller, David, 107-108

Miller, Gerald B., 41

Milner, Alfred, 115-116 n.17

Milosevic, Slobodan, 211

mines, 58

missiles, , 66

  • chemical-energy, 68
  • defensive armor, superiority over,
  • 78—80
  • dispersion as defense against, 80-81

MLRS (multiple-launch rocket sys­tem), 78 n.18

Monroe Doctrine, 18, 18 n.3

Moore, Harold C., 198-201

Moorer, Thomas H., 187

multiple-launch rocket system (MLRS), 78 n.18

Murray, Archibald, 118, 124

muskets, 66

Mussolini, Benito, 211

Nadal, Ramon A. (Tony), 198, 199

NAFTA, see North American Free Trade Agreement

Napoleon Bonaparte, 16, 17, 19, 74

nationalistic aggression, 59

Nationalists, see Kuomintang

nation-building, as foreign policy goal, 32-33

Native Americans, 42, 43

NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Or­ganization

naval blockades, 215

naval power 25

  • Great Britain, 54-55
  • United States, 17-18, 53-58

Navarre, Henri, 173, 174

Navstar global-positioning system, 79-80

negotiation, 212

Nelson, Horatio, 17

Nimitz -class nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, 55

Nixon, Richard M., 186

NLOS-CA (non-line-of-sight com­bined arms), 78 n.18

non-line-of-sight combined arms (NLOS-CA), 78 n.18

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),24-25, 60, 61

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 21 n.4, 28, 32 n.16, 206, 208

North Korea, 36-37, 148, 149, 156, 213, 215-216

North Vietnam, 176-178, 184, 186-187, 189, 192-204

“not too badly wrong” policy, 51-52

nuclear holocaust, fear of, 206

nuclear weapons, consequences of using, 10-11

oceans, effect of, 53

offensive weapons, defensive vs., 65-68

OH- 58D Kiowa Warrior armed scout helicopter, 77 n.18

oil supplies, 21, 25, 59-60

Omdurman (Sudan), 40

Onjong (Korea), 152-153

Orange Free State, 86, 87, 95, 102-105, 112

Paladin M109A6 155mm self-propelled howitzer, 77-78 n.18

Panama, 30, 47, 214

Panama Canal, 208 n.1

Patton, George S., 69

Pearl Harbor, 20, 27, 60

Peng Dehuai, 149

Persian Gulf, U.S. domination of, 59-60

Persian Gulf War, 22, 35, 40, 49, 62-63, 210

  • disruption of supply lines in, 187
  • missiles in, 56-57, 79, 80
  • U.S. carriers in, 55

Peru, 30

Philippines, 208 n.1

platinum, 61

Plei Me, 193-195

political ends, war as means of attaining, 43

politicians, and military conflicts, 42

Porus, King, 69

power, desire for, 11

Pretoria, 97

Prinsloo, Marthinus, 103

protectionism, U.S., 24-27

protracted war, 146, 160, 167 n.4

public resistance, to Boer War, 97-98, 109-110

Puerto Rico, 208 n.1

Quintus Fabius Maximus, 122

Raach, George T., 211 n.3

RAH-66 Comanche helicopter, 77 n.18

reactive armor, 66 n.3

Red Army (China), 132-135

regional conflicts strategy, 52

regional forces, 165 n.3

Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 94, 101-102, 105

rockets, 66

Roman Empire, 122

Romnel, Erwin, 67,74

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 20, 27, 42

Roosevelt, Theodore, 220

Rothmann, Harry E., 51-52, 71-76

Royal Navy, 54-55

Ruijin, 132

Russia, 10

  • Iran, effect of attack on, 38
  • and Japan, 36
  • U.S. policy toward, 28-29
  • see also Soviet Union

Rwanda, 32, n.16, 111 n.12, 209

SADARM (sense-and-destroy armor), 78 n.18

Saddam Hussein, 22, 35, 47, 211

Savage, Sergeant Clyde E., 200

Scud missiles, 49, 79

“search-and-destroy” strategy, 182-184, 189, 191, 195

Second Punic War, 122

selective air strikes, 215

sense-and-destroy armor (SADARM), 78 n.18

Shaver, David, 34 n.1

Sheffield (warship), 55-56

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 74, 110

Shining Path, 30

Sinnreich, Richard, 70-73

Smith, Adam, 60

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, 60

Smuts, Jan, 102, 116

SOA (special operations aircraft), 78 n.18

Somalia, 31-33, 48, 50, 209, 212, 214, 216, 219

South Africa, 61

  • see also Boer War

South Korea, 36-37, 48, 75 n.15, 148, 149, 152-154

South Vietnam, 161, 176-178, 180-182, 184-190, 193-194, 202-204

Soviet Union, 20, 63

  • and Cold War, 205
  • disintegration of, 9-10
  • at Geneva Conference, 174, 177
  • and Korean and Vietnam Wars, 16 n.1
  • see also Russia

special operations aircraft (SOA), 78 n.18

stalemate, in guerrilla warfare, 184

Stalin, Joseph, 20, 132

stealth aircraft, 58

stealth technology, 50

Steyn, Marthinus Theunis, 95, 102, 103, 116 n.17

Stinger missiles, 72

Storrs, Ronald, 118

Strait of Hormuz, 25, 26

Strait of Malacca, 26

“strategic hamlets” program, 185

Sudan, 40

Suez Canal, 119, 124

Sullivan, Gordon R., 25-26, n.9

Summers, Harry G., Jr., 146

Sun Tzu, 130, 162

superpower, United States as, 22-23, 34-35 ,

T34 tanks, 48-49, 51

Taejon (Korea), 49

Taiwan, 37, 48

tanks

  • in Afghanistan, 73-74
  • purpose of, 65
  • reactive armor in, 66 n.3
  • weapons against, 67

Taylor, Maxwell, 32

technology

  • advances in military, 50-51
  • sales of U.S. military, 82

television news, 31

Tet offensive, 39

theater high-altitude area defense

(THAAD), 32

Thirty Years War, 69

Tilelli, John H., Jr., 75

Tilly, Marshal, 69

Toffler, Alvin, 50

Toffler, Heidi, 50

Tomahawk cruise missiles, 56-57, 79

TOW improved target-acquisition sys­tem, 77 n.18

trade

  • free, 24-27
  • and oceans, 53 ;
  • U.S. potential to affect world, 60-61

Trafalgar, 17

Transvaal, 86-88, 101-102, 112, 115

trench warfare, 70

tri-service standoff attack missile

(TSSAM), 78 n.18

Truman, Harry S., 149

TSSAM (tn-service standoff attack

missile), 78 n.18

Tully, Robert, 201

Turks, Lawrence of Arabia’s campaign

  • against, 117-128

UH-1 Huey-D lift helicopters, 195

Unconditional surrender, policy of, 42-43

United Nations, 206, 208

  • Korean War forces of, 150-152, 154, 156-157

United States

  • and African conflicts, 29
  • air force of, 57-58
  • balanced military power of, 58-59
  • and Cold War, 205-206
  • defensive weapons of, 81-82
  • economic domination by, 59-61
  • and Eurasia, 16-29
  • firepower, reliance on, 63-65
  • and free trade, 24-27
  • future conflicts involving, 31-33, 212-235
  • as “honest broker,” 206-212
  • interventions by, 209-210, 213-216, 218-219
  • isolationism of, 207-208
  • and Japan, 27
  • and Korean War, 39, 48-49, 148-151, 153-159
  • and Latin America, 30-31
  • lessons of previous conflicts for, 215-216
  • and low-intensity conflicts, 45—48
  • manpower shortage of, 23
  • military challenges facing, 217-220
  • military preparedness strategy of, 51-52
  • and missile technology, 79-82
  • naval power of;, 17-18, 53-58
  • and Persian Gulf War, 40
  • potential opposition to, 35-40
  • and Russia, 28-29
  • and Somalia, 31-33, 48
  • strategic interests of, 20-24, 28, 209
  • superpower status of, 22-23, 34-35
  • technology of, 50-51, 81-82
  • threats to security of, 15-16, 49-50
  • unchallenged military superiority of, 63
  • “unconditional surrender” policy of, 42-43
  • see also Persian Gulf War; U.S.
  • Army; Vietnam War

Unsan (Korea), 153

U.S. Air Force, 57-58

U.S. Army, 58-59

  • calls for shifts in warfare strategy of, 63-64
  • current battle doctrine of, 69-70
  • helicopters, role of, 70-74
  • Rothmann’s proposal for future mil­itary structure of, 74-75

U.S. Marine Corps, 74

Vann, John Paul, 179, 181

Vereeniging (South Africa), 115, 116

victory, as means to end, 43

Viet Bac,, 171

Vietcong, 161, 177-185, 191-192, 197, 202-204

Vietminh, 162-175, 177, 178, 216

Vietnam War, 16 n.1, 32, 160-162, 176-204, 212-213

  • avoidability of, 216
  • background to, 176-178
  • Giap’s strategy in, 188-190
  • as guerrilla war, 39-40
  • and “hearts and minds” of South Vietnamese, 184—186
  • helicopters in, 72, 195-196
  • Johnson’s strategy in, 182-184, 186-187
  • Kennedy’s strategy in, 179-180
  • as limited conflict, 38-39
  • and Mao’s theory of guerrilla war­fare, 139, 141
  • as political struggle, 178-179
  • public resistance to U.S. role in, 98
  • strategic errors of United. States in, 190-192
  • Tet offensive, 39, 203-204
  • U.S. aircraft losses in, 58
  • and U.S. political leadership, 41-42, 44—45
  • U.S. reliance on firepower in, 65, 158
  • Vietcong engagement of U.S. forces in,
  • 193-195, 197-204
  • Vietcong victories in, 180—182
  • weapons used by Communists in, 217

Viljoen, Ben, 102

Walker, Walton H., 154

walled cities, 162

War and Anti-War (Alvin and Heidi Toffler), 50

war of attrition, 183, 203, 201

Waterloo, 131

wealth, disparity of, 30-31

Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith), 60

weapons

  • and air-maneuver divisions, 77
  • decreasing importance of, 62-64
  • in future conflicts, 62-64, 217
  • purpose of heavy, 65-66
  • superior technology of U.S., 81-82
  • U.S. imperative to continue devel­opment of, 217
  • of Vietminh, 165-166
  • see also firepower; missiles

Wejh, 123-124

Westmoreland, William C., 112, 188-190, 192, 195, 203

will, as major factor in future conflicts, 62-63

World Trade Organization, 26 n.10

World War I, 70, 207-208

World War II, 20

  • antitank gun in, 67
  • German battle strategy in, 75
  • massed armies in, 80
  • role of U.S. firepower in, 64 j.
  • “unconditional surrender” policy in, 43

XM8 armored gun system, 68 n.7

Yalu River, 37, 148, 150, 154

Yeltsin, Boris, 21 n.4

Yenbo, 123

Yugoslavia, 32, 32 n.16

Zaire, 61

Zambia, 61

Zhu De, 133, 135

Zimmemiann telegram, 18 n.3

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